When you are cuddling on the couch and your four-legged friend’s breath knocks you back, you may think that all they need is a good toothbrushing to banish their bad breath. However, halitosis is often one of the first signs of dental issues in pets. By learning to identify your pet’s periodontal disease early, you can better treat the problem before it advances, and prevent it from recurring.

Understanding periodontal disease in pets

Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is an inflammatory condition that affects the gums and surrounding structures that support the teeth (i.e., the periodontal ligaments and alveolar bone). Periodontal disease generally begins to develop because of the accumulation of plaque, which is a sticky, bacteria-laden biofilm that forms on the teeth shortly after a meal. If not removed through regular brushing, plaque hardens into cement-like tartar, causing gingival irritation and inflammation, and eventually tooth damage and systemic infection.

Periodontal disease signs in pets

It’s important to note that not all pets will exhibit the same periodontal disease signs, and some signs may be more subtle than others. Keep a close eye on your pet for:

  • Bad breath — Halitosis caused by oral bacterial overgrowth is an initial periodontal disease sign that pet owners most likely notice first. While stinky breath is common in pets after a strong-smelling meal, persistent foul breath is abnormal and is often related to dental disease.
  • Visible tartar buildup — Take a moment to inspect your pet’s teeth regularly. If you notice brownish-yellow tartar deposits along the gum line or on the teeth surface, poor dental health is clearly indicated.
  • Gingivitis — Red, swollen, or bleeding gums are classic signs of gingivitis, which is the early stage of periodontal disease. Check your pet’s gums for any signs of inflammation, especially along the margin where the gums meet the teeth.
  • Change in eating habits — While difficulty eating or chewing is a common dental disease sign, some pets may change their eating habits in other ways, such as chewing on one side of the mouth, eating more slowly, or dropping food while eating.
  • Preference for soft foods — Pets with periodontal disease may prefer soft or moist foods over hard kibble, which is harder to chew and swallow. If your pet avoids crunchy foods or shows little interest in chewing, they could be indicating oral discomfort.
  • Excessive pawing at the mouth — Some pets may not only paw at their face but also paw specifically at their mouth or rub their face against furniture or the floor trying to alleviate their oral discomfort.
  • Tooth loss — In advanced periodontal disease stages, tooth mobility and eventual tooth loss may occur. If you notice missing teeth or your pet losing interest in chewing toys or treats, severe dental issues may be the problem.
  • Behavior changes — Pets in pain may exhibit behavior changes, such as increased irritability, hiding, or withdrawing from social interaction. They may also shy away if you try to touch their head or face.
  • Reluctance to play with toys — Pets with oral pain may be reluctant to chew or play with toys. If your pet suddenly loses interest in their favorite toys or is reluctant to play, oral discomfort could be the reason.
  • Grooming changes — Pets experiencing oral pain may fail to groom themselves well, resulting in an unkempt hair coat. You may also spot dried saliva around your pet’s chin from excessive, pain-induced drooling.
  • Nasal discharge — Advanced dental disease can sometimes result in an oronasal fistula (i.e., an open tract between the root of the canine tooth and the nasal sinuses). This tract is created by a severe tooth-root infection and can cause nasal discharge, sneezing, or respiratory issues. Pets with an oronasal fistula may also sneeze out pieces of food.
  • Visible abscesses or swellings — In cases of advanced dental disease or untreated dental infections, pets may develop visible abscesses or swellings around the face or jaw area, and particularly the muzzle below the eyes.

The importance of recognizing periodontal disease in pets

Ignoring your pet’s periodontal disease signs can have serious consequences beyond poor dental health. Untreated gum disease can lead to infections, abscesses, and tooth loss, systemic health issues if bacteria travel from the mouth into the bloodstream, and vital organs, such as the heart, liver, and kidneys, can be affected. Moreover, chronic pain associated with periodontal disease can significantly diminish your pet’s quality of life. But, when you recognize periodontal disease signs early, you can take proactive steps to address disease and prevent further complications.

Regular oral exams and dental cleanings performed by your Heartland Veterinary Hospital team and proactive dental care at home are essential for maintaining your pet’s oral health and overall well-being. Give our team a call to set up your four-legged friend’s next dental care appointment.